The Immigration Of Canada And The Assurance Of Equality...

Canada is referred to as a ‘land of immigrants’ since a large number of newcomers have settled here and helped to enhance and preserve its ethnicity and diversity. Every country has its own norms and principles in accommodating new immigrants and assisting them to settle down. However, not all the immigrants are fortunate enough to sustain the uncertain circumstances that they had foreseen before migrating to a new country. While in the process of adjusting to a new society, these settlers are often reminded of the fact that they are not in their own country. Such circumstances put them in a tight spot of returning back to their homeland. Thus, taking instances from the writings of Mehri Yalfani, Isabel Vincent and Himani Benerji, the facts that new immigrants have to come across various complications throughout their journey of settlement to a new country, are being raised in the subsequent part of this journal. Moreover, the issues related to racism in Canada and the assurance of equality and freedom from racial discrimination to the Canadians are also reflected below. First and foremost, new immigrants encounter copious issues to fit in the new society. The major concern among these problems is the language barrier. The excerpt from ‘Newcomer’ written by Mehri Yalfani s highlights the challenges that Susan, an immigrant from Iran, faced throughout her course of understanding and speaking English. According to the story, both the hesitation to be fluent in an alienShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslittle significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. 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A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein thatRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesExercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption. The AMA has since amended its definition to read as: â€Å"Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing

Living Morally Is Important And Essential To Enacting Moral

Living morally is important and essential to enacting moral decisions in every facet of life. Immanuel Kant created three maxims that emphasize stringent moral duties that every human must adhere to in order to be as morally perfect as possible. Conversely, Susan Wolf argues that morality is fundamentally achieved through a unification in rational and flexible moderation. Wolf further exclaims that being too moral would diminish other qualities necessary to lead a full moral life. Following absolute moral duties or a â€Å"code,† may be objectionable to many by denying oneself of being truly moral and benefiting the greatest number in society. In Wolf’s essay â€Å"Moral Saints,† she examines the issues of an absolute rigid moral code advocated†¦show more content†¦These maxims are unifying moral laws to provide one with tools for enacting moral duty through one’s actions. While these laws emphasize the importance of rationality, consistency, resp ectability and impartiality necessary to live a moral life, Kant’s moral views transcend all contexts and all societies denying any room for deviation within moral reason and lacking any formidable middle ground. By only providing hard truths to these three maxims, Kant counters one’s happiness in opposition to morality. Moreover, when utilizing Kantian ethics, one is exerting cognitive efforts to arrive at a rationalized moral conclusion, thus having â€Å"one thought too many† (Wolf 431). Kant’s moral duties have no limit to the extent that one may follow, thus they may dominate one’s life as one strives perpetually to become further virtuous. Susan Wolf opens her essay â€Å"Moral Saints,† by stating, â€Å"I don’t know whether there are any moral saints. But if there are, I am glad that neither I nor those about whom I care most are among them† (Wolf 419). Wolf clearly demonstrates her position on the matter of moral saints , individuals who derive every motivation of actions by being as morally good as possible. Wolf objects that a â€Å"moral saint† can lead a healthy life and live happily while doing so. Instead, a moral saint lacks the ability to enjoy the enjoyable in life, and this ideal sainthood is conflicting as desiresShow MoreRelatedEntrapment in South Africa2426 Words   |  10 Pagesaccused has committed the crime but that they deserve to be convicted and ultimately punished for it. Thus it can be argued that the purpose of the criminal trial is to arrive at what can be considered a morally legitimate verdict by all. Entrapment can give rise to a verdict losing its moral legitimacy. For instance in the case of S v Maslangho , a white woman, a trap, begged a 23 year old black kitchen aide, a first time offender, to buy her marijuana. 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A practical guide to information systems - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the A practical guide to information systems. Answer: Introduction Information system and digital strategies can play a crucial role in different levels of business operations. The information system strategies refers to different strategies which can respond to the business environment changes by providing information for different activities and ensuring that there is information system for all the activities of the organization (Arvidsson, Holmstrm Lyytinen, 2014). The successful implementation of information system can increase the competitive advantage of the firm, improve efficiency, decrease mistake and reduce unnecessary cost to the organization. In the present era, with continuous changes in the internal and the external business environment, business may find difficulties in aligning the business and information system strategies. The present report examines the product, services, and the information system infrastructure of the Coles. It proposes strategy to align its Information Technology infrastructure with its business strategy. Cole s is the second largest supermarket in Australia. The company has adopted technologies to increase its efficiencies in operations. Identification and Discussion of Companys Structure, Products and Services Coles, one of the largest Australian public retail organization operates from its head office at Melbourne. The company was acquired by Wesfarmers in 2007, and it is the second largest supermarket of Australia. The company sells retail products to the customers at a low or discount price. As the company sells the products at a low cost, its primary functions are associated with the refrigeration, lighting, and the emission control. The company has been successful in controlling the emission by adopting a range of energy saving initiatives. Currently, from the past few years, the profits of the organization are not as per the expectations. As a result, the company is taking several in strategic actions to increase its competitive advantage. Coles organization was founded in 2007 when the retail stores were acquired by the Coles GRop. It provides fresh vegetables, food, general merchandize, liquor, fuel, and financial services. The company serves 21 million customers with the help of its online platform and chain of retail stores. It has a team of 102,000 employees and has more than 2400 retail stores spread throughout Australia and New Zealand. Coles is national supermarket service provider, which has 780 supermarkets spread across the globe. Coles has a rich history in Australia and aims to give different people of Australia reliable products and present a shop where they can trust, deliver high quality and high value products and services to the customers. In the recent times, it has opened an online supermarket store where the customers can log in at any given time and order food and grocery items, which they require. The food and delivery orders are delivered by the online drivers to the selected locations. Coles was acquired by Wesfarmers in 2007 and under the leadership, the company transformed its IT infrastructure and adopted new technology. The company has bought several technology changes in its operations. The organization has implemented technical changes by implementing cloud-computing technology in the organization. There are some savings in the use of external cloud environment for test and training activities. Big data can deliver business efficiencies and increase customer engagement within the organization. The company is using big data to gain consumer insight from the unstructured data. The organization has invested in increasing the reporting capabilities so that the store managers can take sound decisions. The regional store managers and leaders will have drillable reports, dashboards, and iPads through which they can access different types of information. The technology can be used in agile technology to prioritize the work within a group of stakeholders so that the best product can be provided within a limited scope and timeline, which can provide best outcomes (Reich, Benbasat, 2013). The IT infrastructure can result in real-time connectivity, which can increase the efficiency and speed of the decision-making process. Real-time connectivity is also essential in increasing the mobility of the objects within the organization. The company has also implemented a corporate BYOD program in which the employees have to bring their own device to the organization. The company has efficiently maintained thousands of device within the network and maintains the security of the device (Cameron, 2014). Information Systems Strategy and Need of such Strategy in the overall Organization strategy Recently, information systems are focusing on the concept of strategizing. It is considered as a part of dynamic and iterative process. Strategizing is the process of making sense of data obtained through both formal and informal system. The concept of information system strategy or digital business strategy reflects a fusion between IT system and business strategy. The Information System strategy can reshape the business models and change the customer interactions and experiences. The IT infrastructure has the capacity to modify the business operations and the supply chain in the Coles. Today, most of the companies have a significant share of digital in the marketing and the supply chain strategy (Peppard, Galliers Thorogood, 2014). In the present times, information system has an important role in developing the competitive strategy of the firms (Chen, Mocker, Preston Teubner, 2010). The Coles can use information systems to identify new product requirement or need and develop a niche market or it can radically change the business processes. The Coles can use the operations to expand their domestic and private business operations. Information systems can be used to establish relations with different business partners. Information system is also a crucial part of the innovation strategy of an organization. The open innovation is the process in which an organization can engage and collaborate with its partners in the innovation process. Several leading companies such as Google and Microsoft are using information system strategy to foster innovation within the organization. Information system help in group decision-making process as all the stakeholders are connected through a common platform (Cassidy, 2016). It is widely known that groups make better decisions than individuals and the information system assist in it. It is also important in imposing deadlines to task and encouraging or motivating people to work hard. Amazon is another organization has the most successful e-commerce business model. The company has developed rapid product development and market-response business model. Amazon has been successful to venture into different business areas and handle different types of customers without lowering product quality. The organization learning and knowledge management are also an important part of the IT strategy of an organization. Without effective and continuous learning, it is difficult to adapt to the market changes. Challenges in the Implementation of Information Systems Strategy There are several challenges, which are needed to be addressed during the implementation of Information System in Coles. The information system has to identify all the needs and issues in information management. It is essential to persuade the top management, the importance of information system. Once the plan is developed, the top management must approve of the suggested system. The executives should plan the system thoroughly by determining the time and the time and budget required by the system. Another challenge is to align the information strategy with the business strategy (Galliers, Leidner, 2014). There are several challenges such as internal communication channels, weak management at the top most level and the relation with the senior executives, which can be categorized as managerial challenges in the system implementation. The human resource issue is a primary challenge to the business organizations. There is a challenge to engage the workforce with the user-education with the new technology. The organizations also find it difficult to recruit appropriate staff members, employ experts who can accomplish the information technology activities. The experts must be able to identify the ways, which can address the user needs and demands. The older employees show lack of interest and unwillingness to learn new technologies (Pearlson, Saunders Galletta, 2016). Apart from it, technical challenges are critical in the software and hardware aspects of Information Technology infrastructure implementation. There are certain telecommunication issues also which might be perceived as a barrier. In big companies, the migration from old software to new software or upgrading the previous ones is also an issue. Information System Failures and Recommendations Currently, a large number of companies fail to implement a successful Information System. The major reason of the failure is that the organization exceeds its budget or time window. Therefore, in order to conduct a successful implementation, the organization should understand the nature of the strategic change required, which can be identified with the help of success or failure model. The failure of the system is marked by the constant frustration of the users with the system. The user resistance also hinders the acceptance of the system by the potential users (Jarzabkowski Paul Spee, 2009). There is possibility that the users might constantly attack the system marking it as unusable or ineffective with the purpose of the system. Coles can follow following strategies to align its information system strategies with the goals of the organization. The inadequate management can prevent the alignment of the information system goals with those of the organization. There are some factors, which can assist the management in overcoming the management obstacles (Whittington, 2014). The organization can invest in developing robust relationships between top management and the staff. There should be constant communication, which highlights the importance of Information system implementation and its importance in solving the problems of weak management. Another challenge is the poor coordination and responsibility sharing between the employees of the organization. The participation of the employees can be enhanced by proper coordination and sharing different responsibilities (Peppard Ward, 2016). Coles can make a relation between employees and information specialists and increase the participation between the team members. Improving the design of the office infrastructure can also increase the interaction between the employees and the senior managers. The management should also strengthen the communication between the staff members through organizing social events and informal discussions. It will motivate the staff members to actively participate and contribute to the growth of the organization and the culture. In the above section, one of the major challenge found was the lack of commitment of senior management towards the strategy implementation. The top management should be given the responsibility to implement suitable business strategies, which can support the organization functions (Almalki, Al-fleit Zafar, 2017). Conclusion The present report highlights the importance of information technology strategy with the business strategy of the organization. The information technology strategy is the process of aligning the information technology infrastructure with the business strategy of the organization. Coles is a retail supermarket and second largest in Australia. It has adopted several technologies to assist its employees and increase their efficiency. However, it is important to align the It infrastructure with thee business strategies of the organization. The report has highlighted different challenges in the alignment of business and IT strategy of the organization. The participation of the management and the motivation of thee human resources are the biggest challenge in the IT strategy implementation. The management should understand the need or the requirement of IT infrastructure implementation. The management should also be able to communicate the need of IT infrastructure to the lower and middle- level employees. The report has presented some recommendations to successfully implement IT strategy in the organization. References Almalki, M., Al-fleit, S., Zafar, A. (2017). Challenges in Implementation of Information System Strategies in Saudi Business Environment: A Case Study of a Bank. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT), 43(1). Arvidsson, V., Holmstrm, J., Lyytinen, K. (2014). Information systems use as strategy practice: A multi-dimensional view of strategic information system implementation and use.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,23(1), 45-61. Cameron, N. (2014). Inside Coles technology transformation. https://www.cio.com.au/article/549604/inside_coles_technology_transformation/ Cassidy, A. (2016).A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Chen, D. Q., Mocker, M., Preston, D. S., Teubner, A. (2010). Information systems strategy: reconceptualization, measurement, and implications.MIS quarterly,34(2), 233-259. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (Eds.). (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Jarzabkowski, P., Paul Spee, A. (2009). Strategy?as?practice: A review and future directions for the field.International Journal of Management Reviews,11(1), 69-95. Pearlson, K. E., Saunders, C. S., Galletta, D. F. (2016).Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Peppard, J., Galliers, R.D., Thorogood, A. (2014). Information systems strategy as practice: Micro strategy and strategizing for IS. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b51/cb1d72e61b6c251fd8d381f097fdb971d90d.pdf Reich, B. H., Benbasat, I. (2013). 10 Measuring the Information SystemsBusiness Strategy Relationship.Strategic Information Management, 265. Whittington, R. (2014). Information systems strategy and strategy-as-practice: a joint agenda.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,23(1), 87-91.

Slavery and Racism In Early Colonies free essay sample

Today, the idea of slavery is taboo in Western society while racism is still a very real thing. Slavery was a huge part of the early colonies of America. You might be surprised to read that Africans, not Indians, were the first American slaves. By 1617, one hundred and twenty five years after Columbus and his European men arrived in North America; Virginian had become an established colony and they were in trouble. They had lost hundreds as a result of starvation and had become desperate for both food and labor.This, you could say was the historical force behind slavery in the colonies. Virginia could not enslave the Indians; they were outnumbered and would have lost lives trying to do so. It was normal for the white people to look at the black men as slaves, because Portuguese and Spanish people had been stamping them as slaves for hundreds Of years before that. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery and Racism In Early Colonies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The historical force that led to slavery in the colonies was the fact that the white men were new to America.The Indians thrived off the land and were at home there while the English people struggled to adjust to their new world. Like it says in Drawing The Color Line: There may have been a kind of restated rage at their own ineptitude, at the Indian superiority at taking care of themselves that made the Virginians especially ready to become the masters of slaves Of course the African people were going to be used as slaves in the colonies.They were not considered savages as the Indians were, they were as advanced as the English and going through crisis of their own, making them easy to target and good for the modern work of the English. This leads me to my next topic, was the color of their skin, or circumstance that led to not only slavery, but such hate and racism in America as well? The slaves taken from Africa couldnt brace themselves enough for what they would be going the roug h once they found themselves in the colonies. They were mistreated and overworked, beaten and belittled.It was to be expected that the English forced them to work with nothing in return. And it was to be predicted that there would be some type of superiority of the English over their black slaves, leading to hatred on both sides. The English serfs needed to produce goods to sell and trade and they needed cheap labor to do so. Therefore the societal divisions between serfs and slaves ere insuppressible. To capture and transport Africans and force them to be slaves, we could say is racism in its self. T is taking a certain race and belittling them by refusing their rights to fair labor and living. Treating them like animals, throwing them into cages and leashing them while be transported to America. Then, once they are here, the English overworked and beat them for years and years. Leading to a conflict up until this day! It was historical circumstances that started racism but human choice continue it. Slavery is considered taboo in North America today, but racism is still a ere huge part of our culture.After civil war and color segregation racism had slowed. I take my hat off to the African slaves who broke their backs in order to build this country. To me, the English people had the right idea, purchase slaves to work for free so that they could invest. Although, it is terribly sad that Africa Americans were targeted for that reason. Who knows what The Elicited states would be without the enslavement of the Africans in the early colonies.

The Vital And Important Factor To Enhance The Market In The Tourism Sector Tourism Essay Example

The Vital And Important Factor To Enhance The Market In The Tourism Sector Tourism Essay Now a yearss many states are sing Tourism selling is one of the critical and of import factor to heighten the market in the touristry sector by carrying big figure of visitants or people both at international and domestically that will assist to develop the state s wealth and economic system. The state s wealth such as imposts, heritage, topographic points and traditions are the cardinal of import factors in make up ones minding the function of touristry selling of a finish. The touristry selling for a peculiar finish needs some of import communicating tools such as personal merchandising, advertisement, public dealingss and direct selling these are of import tools helps for developing and spread outing its attractive force in touristry market. India known for its heritage and cultural diverseness and it s been a batch of topographic points to see and research, which provides many facets for the development of touristry selling in India. India is a sub-continent and being a secular province got major pilgrim s tourers of assorted spiritual hence this pilgrim touristry is really celebrated universally and large attractive force for visitants to see the finish. India is besides celebrated for TajMahal which is listed in the Seven Wonders of the World. . India has got many national heritage sites which are worldwide celebrated for tourer attractive forces. If the touristry selling in India is improved and developed it will decidedly play a major factor for hiking up of India s economic system and its finish in the field of touristry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vital And Important Factor To Enhance The Market In The Tourism Sector Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Vital And Important Factor To Enhance The Market In The Tourism Sector Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Vital And Important Factor To Enhance The Market In The Tourism Sector Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To do touristry marketing a success in the present universe there are assorted methods followed. The outer environment of a finish can be defined as Micro and Macro environments. India which comes under Macro environment has major forces like legal, technological, economic, cultural and societal on which the major concentration is showed. Developing touristry selling, communicating tools play the most of import function which includes one-to-one merchandising, advertisement, the gross revenues publicity public dealingss and direct selling through different channels. Introduction Author Gunnell, 1997 mentioned that India is the state with the universe s 2nd largest population and it stands in the 7th place geographically world-wide. India is besides good known as the largest democratic state in the worldwide. It is home land for the different faiths bing today, that s why it is besides good known as the largest secular state in the universe. Due to the being of the assorted civilizations, traditions, faiths, imposts and beliefs it made the state rich culturally worldwide. Unity in diverseness is the cardinal rule followed by the people in India. Today s economic system in India: India has got one of the stable and prima economic systems in the universe ; during the recission period besides it did good. India has become fatherland for the many international IT companies set uping their caput quarters in India. There are more than five Indian beginning companies listed on the universe s luck 500 companies list. Among these five companies 2 of them are besides listed on the NASDAQ. It has got some of the taking companies in the concern sectors like pharmaceutical, steel, vesture and IT are some of the cardinal assets to this state ( shrivastava, 2009 ) . Tourism plays a major function in Indian economic system ; spiritual topographic points and pilgrims journeies are more concentrated by the domestic tourers. Major stairss have taken by the Indian authorities, Indian air hoses and Indian travel bureaus in order to increase the flow of domestic and international touristry in India. Due the development of installations like transit, adjustment, substructure tourers find it really easy to make the finish and to transpose. The flow of international touristry is high to India due its cultural profusion. Taj Mahal considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the existence due to its popularity it has become the most popular finish in India and bulk of the tourers are attracted to it. Golden trigon is a really good known bundle in India. For the twelvemonth 2008 Incredible India commercial has won the Grand Prix award ( Westfall, Boyd: Vlo.25 ) . Direct selling, public dealingss, forces selling and advertisement are some of the selling communicating tools that aid s in touristry selling. In today s universe electronic media has become the most efficient medium to pass on with the people, so more portion of the advertisement financess are invested in the electronic media advertisement in order to make the more figure of people expeditiously, to increase the flow of the tourers. Increadibleindia.com is the official Indian touristry web site which provides complete information about the Indian touristry. Indian postal service has got really good repute and it has got a really good history. It besides helps in advancing tourer finishs in India as it is publishing images of touristry finishs on its postal casts and conveying consciousness about the finish among the populace. The hereafter of the Indian touristry looks bright with new policies and schemes followed by the authorities of India. It has following new schemes and utiliz ing latest engineering in order to pull the tourers to see assorted finishs in India by international and domestic tourers. Background Information: Cultural variegation, different types of faiths, linguistic communications, dramatis personaes, sub dramatis personaes and rich heritage are portion of the Indian history. If we take a acute expression at the Indian history, we can happen the earliest hints of the being of human life in some parts of the Madhya Pradesh through pictures at the Bhimbhatka stone shelters. In western parts of India, being of the Indus vale civilisation was found, it was a 9000 twelvemonth s old civilisation. It was recorded that India was ruled by many emperors for several old ages. Due its cultural diverseness, India has faced many challenges and jobs with its different dramatis personae systems, being of different faiths in one topographic point and it besides confronting jobs with terrorist act, naxalism etc. particularly in northern parts of India like Jammu and Kashmir. From the above treatments now we know that India is place land for different faiths. There are four major faiths in India ; they ar e Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam and Christianity. Majority of the population in India follow Hinduism followed by Islam, Sikhism and Christianity. Buddhism and Jainism are other two faiths that are originated in India ( Metcafe, 2006 ) . India is place land for the broad scope of civilizations. We can see in present yearss Indian civilization is distributing everyplace in Asia. Traditional and cultural Indian households values are highly respected all over the universe. Arranged matrimonies and joint households are some of the norms followed by the Indians. Culture of India is really good represented in its architecture. For illustration, Taj Mahal which was built by the male monarch named Shah Jahan as a particular memorial gift to his married woman Mumtaz. Culture of India is clearly reflected in its traditional music and dances ; it besides reveals the importance of music and dances in its civilization. In the twelvemonth 2008 there was a 5.37 million international tourers flow in to the state. Due to this the states one-year growing was increased by 5.6 % . Tourists from some of the states like United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Japan, Germany, France, United States of America ( 15.43 ) and Australia signifier s and 64.34 % of the entire international tourers visited India. Domestic touristry is besides plays a major function in states one-year growing, for India the domestic touristry histories for an one-year growing of 6.9 % with 562.92 million people going. India ranks 23rd place in receivers and 41st place in the international tourer reachings ( Vilanetam, toilet: 2005 ) . Macro and Micro environment of India: Micro Environment: Forces near due to the finish that can impact its ability to function its clients: client markets, organisation itself, marketing channel houses and wide scope of stakeholders and public. ( Hudson, 2008:23 ) . Market is closely related with the micro environmental factors. The factors are public, providers, clients, rivals and selling mediators. There are different types of visitants ; they are authorities endeavors, providers, and family. They besides can act upon the touristry selling. In order to keep the touristry demand it is really of import to do attempts to hold assorted types of providers. By establishing the promotional strategies in touristry industry rivals can strongly impact the market. Tourism selling can be affected by the attitude of the local people towards the tourers. Macro Environment: Macro environment comprises of all agents and forces holding distance relationship with the selling. So the factors of macro environment are ( McCabe, 2009 and Drummond and Ensor, 2005 ) . Social environment Economic environment Legal environment Technological environment Political environment Social environment: There will be assorted factors impacting the tourers as India is a multi-socio-cultural finish. The societal factors include imposts, traditions, household, population, faith, income instruction and life criterions. For illustration: Millions of tourers are attracted from all over the universe in order to go to the spiritual event Kumbh mela ( Keegan, Green: 2008 ) . Economic environment: Due to the particular significance in the Economic environment it has been divided in to three parts ( Singla: 2006-07 ) . They are. Economic system: This system chiefly concentrates on the apprehension of the full economic environment, which comprises of three sorts ; they are socialistic economic system, capitalistic economic system and assorted economic system. For assorted economic system India is considered as one of the best illustration. In India finishs are controlled by both Private and authorities organisations. For illustration: depending up on the fiscal position of the single tourers they can choose the private or authorities travel bureaus. By and large authorities travel bureaus are cheaper when compared to the private travel bureaus. Economic policies: The economic policies are introduced in order to direct the economic activities. Employment revenue enhancement, Export /Import policies, public money, agribusiness industry are some of the activities that are Included in the economic policies. All these policies have different types of influences on the finish selling. For illustration: International travelers are charged higher than the normal charge for the domestic traveler to see an heritage site. Economic status: Economic conditions are the conditions recited with the capablenesss of the economic development at the tourer finish, for illustration: natural resources, foreign capital, national income, foreign trade and industrial development. Legal environment: In order to modulate the environment many legal Acts of the Apostless were passed in India. Indian authorities has passed many Acts of the Apostless like gross revenues of goods act, trade grade act, Indian partnership act etc. Incredible growing has been seen in the foreign exchange country, by the remotion of revenue enhancement on the foreign direct investing. For the visitants from the Afghanistan and Pakistan have particular ordinances where as the visitants from Burma and Maldives get entry base on ballss to the state really easy. Technological environment: In India twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours the roar of engineering is turning. IncredibleIndia.com has gone on societal networking sites I order to promote its visitants online. Due to the high use of telecastings in India, it showed the grater affect on the wireless and film Industry in India. Due to technological development like Internet, telecastings etc. the tourers are able to cognize about the finishs before they visit them personally. Booking tickets and doing reserves have become quite easy for the tourers due to the technological development ( Cooper. Wanhill: 2008 ) . Political environment: India is a land with many political parties bing in it. Each political party is different from each other and has different types of attitudes towards the touristry industry. But when it comes to the states respect all will be united for illustration: The cause that the Taj Mahal has to be included in Seven Wonders of the World has been supported by all political parties in India and appealed everyone to vote for Taj Mahal in order to put its name in Seven Wonders of the World ( Hudson, 2008 ) . Marketing communicating tools: A critical map of marketing communicating is besides the possibility to respond, as opposed to an act or usage of information transmitted outside the direct control of the organisation. ( McCabe, 2009:8 ) . Integrated selling communications: The integrating of all selling communicating tools, every bit good as trade name and corporate messages so they send a persuasive and consistent message to aim audience. ( Hudson, 2008:258 ) . Assorted activities are required in order to construct a selling plan. These activities are differentiated in to four types ; they are Promotion, Product, Place and Price. These are known as 4ps of marketing mix. Promotion is involved in the activities like personal merchandising, advertisement, direct selling, public dealingss, and gross revenues publicity. Merchandises are engaged in the activities same to the ingestion of the existent merchandise i.e. determinations about finish design, quality and other assorted services. Topographic point is good known as distribution. Selling coverage, distribution channels, stock list, locations and transits are the portion of distribution. Particular touristry bundles, price reductions on touristry merchandises like travel tickets are some of the countries where the monetary value will be covering ( Shah, souza: 2009 ) . Marketing communicating tools are: Ad Personal merchandising Public dealingss Gross saless publicity Direct selling Channels consist of scope of media such as: Internet Television Newspaper and magazines Postal and telecommunications Radio Ad: it brings attending towards the present market sing the information of the administration, its services and merchandises and this is the most powerful and of import tool for any finish and it is specific signifier of marketing communicating . ( McCabe 2009:2008 ) . The advertisement has set up some aims are to carry, inform, remind and heighten the selling schemes. In advertisement there are assorted types of schemes to develop any selling conditions they are: ( Shah, Dsouza, 2009 ) . Appendix 1 clearly shows the different advertisement schemes Personal merchandising: Personal gross revenues are a verbal communicating with the possible client to increase the merchandises sale. The demonstrating of any merchandises and its word pictures were Presented by a individual with a position to sale affects the consumer purchasing behavior. Personal sale goes from individual to individual communicating via personal media like over the phone, face to face, picture conferencing and online confab. Especially personal merchandising is non an of import tool for marketing touristry but it gives the enthusiasm towards visitants through reactions of personal gross revenues individuals about any finish ( Keegan, Green, 2008 ) . national advertisement, Public service advertisement, , Retail advertisement, Corporate advertisement, Brand edifice advertisement, Business to concern advertisement ( B2B ) , Tactical advertisement, Selective demand advertisement, Advocacy advertisement and Primary demand advertisement are different signifiers of advertisement. Tourism of any finish is developed chiefly by advertisement. Ad on electronic media particularly telecasting is chief beginning to catch the attending of visitants to any peculiar finish. India has 28 provinces with different civilization and heritage therefore each province has its ain run and advertisement within their boundaries and all over the state through advertisement on telecasting to promote their touristry development in their province. Radio is little than telecasting but it is one of the powerful and of import tool in advertisement to make the larger visitants in the whole state. Newspaper is the cheapest and easiest manner to reassign the informations to pull more visitants to cognize about the touristry in a peculiar finish. Public dealingss: The function of public dealingss are plays a critical function in marketing mix of any finish. The activities of public dealingss follows piecing people or tourers, programs, policies etc. to develop any finish the public dealingss are indispensable to keep relationships in authorities, media, clients, stockholders and employers and administrations etc. and other constituents of the public dealingss are fund-raising, engagement in society, event sponsoring. Since 10 old ages India has built up an built-in portion of marketing mix with the aid of public relationships which gives liberalization to Indian economic system and encouragement to the touristry sector in India. The betterments in India were made to understand and pull offing the media and non-media and educate clients on the usage of public dealingss expeditiously. ( Mantri, 2009 ) . Gross saless publicity: gross revenues publicity is quickly increasing in India. And it is one of the of import factors in the communicating selling mix to develop touristry. Gross saless publicity is the group of tools which enhance the gross revenues of a merchandise through price reduction offers, discounts, monetary value decreases, gift vouchers, some buying stuffs and samples. For illustration: to pull the maximal figure of people, both private bureaus and authorities have their ain and fast gaits schemes in gross revenues publicities such as particular offers, budget and advanced circuit bundles which is like coachs and railroads are supplying price reduction menus to pull the visitants during vacation and summer season. Direct selling: There are no mediators are engaged in between visitant and finish and this procedure is known as direct selling. There are many ways to make the direct selling are: teleselling, telecasting, wireless, cyberspace, facsimile, beeper, postal service and electronic mail. For illustration: cyberspace is the best illustration for direct selling. VSNL is the Indian authorities cyberspace supplier to air the whole state and even some of the private companies supplying cyberspace such as TATA, Reliance, Airtel and Idea etc. are the prima cyberspace suppliers. Email and mentality are the most common factor of advertisement largely find in concern cards, web sites, and mass media advertizements. Harmonizing to the Ashwin ( 1999 ) stated that telecasting is the most powerful tool in India and covers about 80 % of advertizements by offering many channels in Indian continent. India is the 2nd prima state in the gross revenues of day-to-day newspapers. India is providing daily 320 different types of newspapers throughout the state. The Hindu, Indian express and Times of India are the chief prima newspapers in India. The newspapers provide the information of authorities and its current issues straight to tourers and readers. ( Keegan, Green, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Shah, DSouza ( 2009 ) the selling communicating tools have both pros and cons are: Ad: telecasting is the chief beginning of advertisement for any finish to develop touristry sector. Through advertizements in telecasting the peculiar finishs are shown in a positive manner and could nt supply the complete and necessary inside informations to tourers. Personal merchandising: personal merchandising can be achieved by explicating a tourer to his experience to other group of people to make enthusiasm or ardor towards them to see the peculiar finish. As we discussed earlier India is celebrated for pilgrim touristry with its alone building of temple and some other heritage sites, this makes peoples to see the topographic points when it is communicated by the already been visitant. India is the glances of heritage and civilization many international tourers are sing India to see beautiful and alone architecture. Personal merchandising is different and it does non demo much impact on touristry because each visitant has its ain gustatory sensation and ain ocular and sometimes the visitant does nt experience the same impact of what other have already felt. ( Aditya, 2009 ) Direct selling: engineering and postal services are the anchor to the direct selling. And this is one on one ( 2 manner ) communicating through direct selling merely a limited group of people are benefited and this could nt manage or pull bulk tourers. Public dealingss: public dealingss are chiefly targeted to many tourers through good will and comparatively inexpensive services to offer in a finish. The public dealingss are more powerful through cyberspace which is really synergistic, relatively low cost, direct media, and sharing information up to day of the month is ever available.the public dealingss has some restrictions such as extremely expensive, low proctor publications, complications in measurings and do non hold a direct impact on the touristry sector of a finish. Gross saless publicity: local tourers are most good through gross revenues and advancing and maintaining off the international tourers to pull the tourer finish. First in India there is no proper selling for gross revenues and publicities of a finish to make the international broad. At least the local tourers were being benefited and have a good trade to see the topographic points. Future development Harmonizing to Raina, Agarwal ( 2004 ) stated that the hereafter development and selling communicating scheme in India are: Since 2 old ages Indian touristry is developing and reached highest degree of market with the made of latest esthesis Incredible India . Through the being of Incredible India has maximised the touristry market in the universe broad context. There are more domestic and international tourers were attracted of its new scope hence it will imply the one-year growing of touristry in India. Indian touristry ministry is concentrating to develop the touristry in many ways. The antediluvian sites in Jaipur and Raipur are being altering into get oning topographic points and hotels where tourers both domestic and international felt the esthesis with Indian architecture as a portion of tourer activities. Many rural countries are existed in India with a charming potency of touristry. Ministry of India started constructing up airdromes and star hotels in the rural countries and doing those countries as tourer finishs. Number of international and local flights frequence are increased and ministry of Indian touristry is being giving highest precedence to safety and wellness of tourers who visited to these destinations.Listen India is the hub for Ayurveda and yoga where these medicines increasing the figure of international visitants to India as a medical touristry. Future development of touristry has a batch of range with the present schemes of medical touristry India. Indian finishs are utilizing wide scope of cyberspace services to advance their finish besides internet educate, gives the accurate inside informations and conditions of the finishs to the international tourers. Indian touristry ministry is more endeavoring to utilize new engineerings to make the tourers easy therefore new development can be seen in close hereafter with the aid of new engineerings utilizing by Indian touristry. Many new finishs are increasing and postal services utilizing unbelievable India for their freshly produced casts and many new schemes are working to convey the Indian finishs are best in the close hereafter. The touristry in India should follow some selling policies such as touristry selling to be done in local and internationally in the signifier of hostility.the hostility of touristry combined the tourers from all over the universe which gives the clear thought about touristry demand in India, planning and diversifying elements, fight, kineticss and ultimate rules of touristry activities and besides increase the scope and pride to the specific finish selling in India. Decision: In decision, India is the largest state and where it is rich in heritage and civilization is rich for its democracy, secularism, people, political relations, touristry and state s wealth and economic system. Micro and macro environments are 2 of import factors for any state s development in footings of economic system. Macro environment is the chief factor where India is influenced by it, as macro environments is influenced by telecasting, advertisement, mass media, postal service and wireless in small town countries. 4P s ( monetary value, publicity, topographic point and merchandise ) are the indispensable factors for the touristry selling and helps in work outing debatable issues to tourers and their finish. Making the finish s information available and making involvement towards to visitants to see the finish were done by the tool called as touristry selling communications. Tourism selling communications are used by assorted types in advancing finish through gross revenues publicity, advertisement, direct selling, public dealingss and personal merchandising. In marketing communicating there are besides other tools are used to advance finish such as packaging, sponsorship, licensing and fortes are included as a portion of communicating tool. Through selling communicating the finishs are favorable and profitable by increasing the degree of involvement among the visitants to see the finish. The authorities and local community of the finish are required to analyze the strengths and failing of the touristry selling communicating tools to accomplish the ends and aim of communicating mix. To heighten and better the touristry sector, the authorities of India is responsible to make farther research on touristry selling communicating tools as a farther scheme to pull the visitants to finish. The Indian authorities confronting some challenges to advance touristry market by utilizing communicating tools, it is possible to get the better of all the challenges comfortably

Matching Your Market

Matching Your Market Several times this week Ive declined advertisers. I know. Why turn down money, right? But they wanted to advertise romance, fantasy and childrens books in FundsforWriters. Nothing against those souls. They are seeking venues to sell their books, and FundsforWriters has a sizeable following. Im actually flattered they come to me with their lovely babies. I write. I get that. But as I try to tactfully explain to them, they arent reaching their audience via my newsletter. FundsforWriters is a sea of writers, all dreaming about one day selling enough of their words to earn a living. They arent signing up to see what other writers are selling. They dont want to buy childrens books, womens fiction, sci-fi or poetry. They want to know how to be a successful writer. They are the competition, not the audience these advertisers seek. You might ask why I sell my mysteries in my newsletters, but they are part of my brand. I fully understand that a gross minority of the readers are not mystery fans, but since Im connected to this readership, I toss my books out there for consideration. Also, much of the readership has seen how Ive traveled from novice to freelancer to struggling author to an agented author to a traditional author who also chose hybrid. Its a journey to learn from. Or at least I hope it is. But it would be an injustice for me to take money from people to advertise their books. And it would be an injustice for me to put advertising in FundsforWriters that doesnt jive with the mission of FFW. The point is, you need to stop and think about who reads your type of book. Then you head out and find them. How? Identify: 1) your genre 2) the age of your reader 3) the geography of your work 4) the time period of your work 5) the gender the book leans toward (it can be both, or one over another) 6) the leaders in your genre Then find places online and in your community that connect somehow to one or more of these traits. Write guest blog posts. Participate in chats. Volunteer to help a cause. Offer to speak at libraries, bookstores and clubs. There are Twitter chats, Google+ interviews, Skype, your blog, professional groups with their forums, and more. Be seen. Be heard. People dont just want books anymore. They want the author, too. Whether you like it or not, you have to become a brand and develop a face, because books are a dime a dozen. But dont waste your time scattering your book anywhere and everywhere. Strategically place it where you think your readership resides. Time is precious. Use it wisely.

The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Article

The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility - Article Example In reference to McDonald’s corporate social responsibility, the company is taking action, maintaining openness in communication with its customers and shareholders. For instance, the company has adopted socially responsible programs in order to engage the community its operation and be responsible for its activities. For example, as part of it being socially responsible, McDonalds has formulated a way of engaging communities in operations through community-based projects that benefit the society. More so, the company works with its suppliers to promote socially responsible behaviors or practices in its supply chain as an integral part of the company’s supply chain strategy. McDonald has a strong social responsibility program that aims to incorporate societies in the management and operation of the company. The company has included several things in its social responsible program that aim to make it more socially responsible. For instance, they have implemented service p rogram that aim to develop sustainable agriculture, employment policies and practices, health and nutrition. The company has environmental principles that aim to attain a sustainable society in more than 117 profitable growth restaurants globally. Additionally, in order to ensure that it achieves employee experience and employ a diverse long-term target, it has acknowledged that it has a strong community workforce. The McDonald House program ensures that children in vulnerable communities can receive medication and dental treatment in order to improve their health. The harm that could be embodied in these services is that it may stop funding some programs because some groups especially in Asian countries are opposing it. Charitable work may contribute to the sustainability of society. However, McDonalds provides little basis for balancing long-term objectives against short-term costs they incur (Porter and Kramer 82). Therefore, managers at McDonalds need to approach CSR program str ategically in order to be competitive and remain in the market. 2) Choose any ethical dilemma and using the concepts in Paine’s article â€Å"Ethics: a basic framework†, describe your recommended course of action using the following questions: Is the action consistent with the actor's basic duties? Does it respect the rights and other legitimate claims of the affected parties? Does it reflect best practice? Is it compatible with the actor's own deeply held commitments? Markets are sometimes unethical but market participants usually make ethical decisions about people and practices they meet in the marketplace. A basic moral duty is to act or not act in a certain way. Duties are owed to other parties such as the company, customers, public, and the company. Wal-Mart Company has been faced with an ethical dilemma regarding the decisions of its store manager to embezzle employee’s bonuses. Wal-Mart managers are usually faced with conflict of interest in that they fi nd it difficult to make decisions because they do not know whether their decisions are right or wrong. Self-interest at Wal-Mart made the company lose over $50 million in that the store manager took the company’s money inform of many incentives provided by the company to the workers. These incentives are part of bonuses that the company provides to its store managers. This manager did not respect the dignity of the people that are employed by Wal-Mart.

Poor Customer Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Poor Customer Service - Essay Example They are after all paid for working for the primary stakeholder, the shareholder to create value and profit for him. It is incidental that for earning this profit, they have to be equally mindful of befitting the secondary stakeholders. Contrary to common belief, there are many stakeholders in the business apart from the shareholder or the stockholder. They are the employees, customers, suppliers, bankers and even the society at large who look for some benefit from the company, and in turn are also its well-wishers. The question is how to determine that the managers are acting in the best interest of the shareholders? One way is to read the annual financial results that reveal the results of their efforts in realizing profit and value for the owners of the company. But this does not reveal their competency level. The various audits and financial data only show that these are results of activities that have been checked for correctness but they do not reflect on what level of competence was exercised. The better and more comprehensive method is through Corporate Governance. The company is a legal entity and therefore has to enter into commercial transactions all the time for carrying on its business activities. These transactions are concluded by the managers on behalf of the company since the legal entity is not a person and needs agents to carry out these duties for it. This ability of the managers to enter into legal contracts and agreements makes them the agent of the company with the liability resting with the company. This situation gives rise to irresponsible behavior on the part of managers who do not carry the burden of any wrongdoing on their part. It is to control this likely misuse of power that Corporate Governance assumes importance. Business strategies and processes have to be tailor-made to serve every stakeholder. Similarly, Corporate Governance rules and processes have to encompass all activities that have a direct or indirect bearing on different stakeholders. It will not be far from the truth to say that the agency theory has little relevance on Corporate Governance. Â  

Awareness of Identity Theft among Mature Students Essay - 1

Awareness of Identity Theft among Mature Students - Essay Example Identity theft has been a serious issue. It has become one of the fastest-growing crimes in the US and in the UK. A 2007 report shows that in the UK, GBP 1.7 billion is lost annually and about 10,000 fell victims in 2006 (Staff Writer, 2007). In the US, though the figure has decreased, still about 8.4 adult Americans are victims of identity fraud (Javelin, 2007). Serious and rampant as it is, awareness of this type of crime was not immediately high. Identity awareness drives had to be conducted to inform more people of the danger of falling victim to the frauds. It is important that we become aware of their existence before they steal who we are. It is important, most especially for students, to know when and when not to give away certain personal information. But before giving precautions as to how to avoid identity thieves, it is necessary to have a figure as to what fraction of the population is actually aware that frauds like these exist. A look at the history of fraud cases migh t help measure the level of awareness that has come to arise throughout the years. The number of identity fraud cases in the UK has continued to rise since eight years ago. From a mere 9,000 cases in 1999, the number increased to 24,000 in the 2001, 46,000 in 2003, and almost doubled to 80,000 in 2006. As recorded, dealing with this crime has cost the UK government GBP1.5 billion in 2005 (CIFAS). In other parts of the world, particularly the US, fraudulent activities are more rampant and damaging. For instance, US lenders were reported to have lost about USD 1 billion. In Canada, a loss of about CAND 21.8 million was recorded in 2003 because of the 14,526 cases (Report on identity theft). Looking back at a 2005 investigation by the Which! Magazine, results showed that about one-fourth of UK adults had been victims of identity fraud. This has cost the UK government about GBP1.3 billion annually. The same investigation found out that awareness of the crime has increased, with two-thirds of the individuals now concerned with the crime. "Which found that 33 per cent of adults don't take any precautions to beat the ID thieves, while 18 per cent shred their documents but still use a single password for all online banking; a similar number don't shred documents but make use of several different passwords, while 31 per cent take both precautions" (Best, 2005). After looking at statistics of how the number of identity fraud cases has continued to rise, it is then important to take a look at how people usually fall victim to frauds, and how personal information are given away. There are several ways by which a fraudster can acquire information needed to steal your identity. For one, phishing occurs over the internet. This is an easy way for thieves to get away with important account numbers and such. This may be obtained through online dating services and even job applications online. Phishing scams happen when thieves pose as employees of legitimate companies verifying information over the phone or online. And as a study shows, 92 per cent of people in London will give information to a stranger (Thomson, 2005). Another way is by engaging in casual conversations. It may

The Benefits of Cooperative Learning for ELL Students

The Benefits of Cooperative Learning for ELL Students The first thing to consider is the fact that cooperative learning is beneficial to all students, regardless of their classification or primary language. In fact, activities where the teacher uses conceptual strategies that promote learning together or group investigation are statistically proven to be superior to instructional design focused on working alone or working in a competitive environment. Essentially, helping each other is better than competing or working alone. Three highly effective conceptual models have been determined to be those cooperative activities which can be labeled as learning together, academic controversy, or group investigation. Basically, if the cooperative learning technique you are using involves one of these three modes, then your lesson should be more effective than students working alone or in a competitive style (Johnson, D., Johnson R., Stanne, 2000). There are many examples of instructional strategies with a learning together style. Numbered Heads Together is one such activity; it is a strategy that promotes discussion, individual accountability, as well as group accountability. It is especially effective for reviewing and integrating subject matter (Numbered Heads Together, 2010). Academic controversy, another effective style of cooperative learning mentioned in the previous paragraph, is essentially informed and educated debate, with one important twist: the students argue both sides of the issue or contentious theory. One example of this type of cooperative learning strategy involves six steps: create the best case for a position on the controversy, present this best case, engage in open discussion, reverse perspectives, synthesize and come to consensus, and prepare a report (Academic Controversy, 2010). The last highly-effective type of cooperative learning noted above in the research is called group investigation. One school district website describes group investigation as an activity where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦students collaborate to produce a group product for presentation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [in] an open-ended investigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦structured to promote higher-order thinking skills. (Regina Public Schools, 2003). This type of group activity is probably best known as the very popular WebQuest design where students surf the internet in a guided, but self-directed, group investigation into a topic which ultimately leads to a finalized presentation or product. (Dodge, 2007). There are many more types of cooperative learning possibilities and conceptual categories to consider than learning together, academic controversy, and group investigation, however the conceptual types mentioned above are noted to be especially easy to learn, easy to implement, and easy to maintain once put into use (Johnson et al., 2000). Not only are cooperative learning strategies effective for all learners, but they are especially effective for ELL students specifically. Language learners tend to pick up social language much faster than academic language. ELL students basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) are practiced in a meaningful context in a variety of social settings, but CALP is not normally practiced outside of the classroom. Rather, CALP is the language used in subject area content material; CALP is essential for success in school. While BICS will develop in as little as six months, CALP may take as long as seven years (Haynes, 1998). So we can see that the faster CALP is developed, the sooner our ELL students will succeed in content curricular areas. One way that cooperative learning helps CALP to be developed is through comprehensible input and comprehensible output. ELL students will often fail to understand a lecture, but if they are assisted by classmates it can be made more comprehensible to them. Comprehensive output means that the student has the opportunity to practice at whatever level of English fluency they have attained. CL helps to develop comprehensible input and comprehensible output in several ways. First, small groups make it possible for the teacher or group members to adapt the message to the ELL student. Second, feedback, correction, and checking of comprehension are easier in small groups and are non-judgmental. Also, ELL students have the opportunity to practice their oral language skills, get repetition, and peer assistance related to the current task at hand (Haynes, 1998). Another way that cooperative learning is helpful to ELL students is by lowering their anxiety level so that they feel more at ease and are able to comfortably focus on learning the language. Wang Qiangs work on cooperative learning (Qiang, 2007, as cited in Yang, 2008) shows us that speaking in small groups is natural, because in real life, this is how spontaneous communication occurs. If they speak in front of a large group of people it is usually a more formal situation where they have a prepared speech (Yang, 2009). Furthermore, according to Krashens Affective Filter hypothesis, anxiety is a negative factor in second language acquisition whereby the ELL student will retain less language under stress than in a relaxed state (Schutz, 2007). Since cooperative learning lowers the affective filter (Willis, 2007), it is logical that cooperative learning would make second language learning less threatening and therefore more effective. Consider this powerful quote about neuroimaging of t he anxious brain: In MRI scans of adolescents in states of affective, emotional anxiety, when the amygdala is metabolically hyperactive, the pathways that normally conduct information in and out of the amygdala show greatly reduced activity. Thus, new information is blocked from entering the memory banks (Toga Thompson, 2003, as stated in Willis, 2007). Two early studies done by Pica and Doughty in 1984 and 1985 (as stated in Liang, Mohan, and Early, 1998) compared the efficacy of teacher-fronted classes to small-group interactive classes. They found that in small groups students were able to practice more, receive more feedback, and produce more examples of the target language. This suggests that in small groups the ELL students have more opportunity to work on those specific curricular words, or academic language, that TESL instructors strive to develop. Pica and Doughtys study also found that in group work over 65% of students were engaged in negotiation for meaning versus 45% of the students in teacher-fronted classes. This statistic seems to suggest that ELL students will talk more freely and frequently in group settings about what unfamiliar language terms and structures mean. Thus, CALP is likely developed faster in CL groups than in teacher-fronted classes (Liang et al, 1998). Two interesting handbooks may help teachers improve their ability to foster CALP in the ELL classroom. One is the very popular Calla Handbook and the other is titled Building Academic Language, by Jeff Zweirs. The CALLA handbook: Implementing the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach, was written by Anna Uhl Chamot, and was presented in workshop format, by the author, in Wyoming in February of 2007. In her presentation on her popular book, Dr. Chamot stresses several key aspects of the CALLA approach. CALLA instruction is based on educational research and focuses on those language skills needed in school for academic success. Students are encouraged to value their prior knowledge and to relate it to new academic learning, a new culture, and a new language. Students are also tasked with learning to work cooperatively and socially, as well as internalizing learning strategies and applying them to new situations. Teachers are advised to use interesting topics and content which is linked to prior experiences and knowledge as well as presenting content through hands-on, investigative, or cooperative activities (Chamot Robbins, 2007). A book review of Building Academic Language: Essential Practices for Content Classrooms illuminates its value for building CALP in ELL education. This handbook is described as being very practical, full of strategies for the classroom, and focused on academic literacy. Important concepts in the book include using in-depth conversation as a scaffolding technique for building academic language, using metacognition to help students analyze classroom interactions, as well as the use of visual aids to help develop academic thought processes. The book stresses the need to think about the quality of student discourse, as well as the quantity, whereby the style of academic verbal interactions is guided by teaching processes, is modeled by the teacher, and ultimately leads to a deeper academic vocabulary and a deeper comprehension. (Huerta-Macias, 2007). In conclusion, this paper has reviewed and discussed how certain styles of cooperative learning are particularly valuable for all learners, including ELL students. Cooperative learning research and scholarly writings have been reviewed which demonstrate further that CL facilitates second language acquisition, in particular, because it lowers anxiety, makes input and output more comprehensible, and leads to more frequent use of the target language being studied. Finally, two respected TESL handbooks were reviewed for their merits in helping ELL teachers develop CALP.

Nathaniel Hawthorne :: essays research papers

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE: THE AUTHOR AND HIS TIMES It was a brash, bustling, energetic country in which Hawthorne grew up and carved out his writing career. The covered wagons were rolling West, with signs that bravely declared "California or bust!" The first passenger railroad opened, and the trains went huffing and puffing along at the (then) incredible speed of 20 miles an hour. Jackson was elected president, throwing the conservative statesmen out of office and ushering in the age of democracy and the common man. It was an age between wars, when America, having beaten England for the second time--in the War of 1812--was flexing its adolescent muscles. Hope was in the air, and also a feeling of impatience with the imported, second-hand, European way of doing things. "Down with the past" might have been the slogan of the time. Americans sensed a fresh, creative task at hand in the building of a new country. It was a task that called for strong backs, clear eyes, and open minds. There were experiments in living going on to match the experiments in politics and technology. Starry-eyed intellectuals gathered outside Boston to thrive on a vegetarian diet at Alcott's Fruitlands. Thoreau conducted his own private experiments in a life close to nature at Walden Pond. Horace Mann planned to change the world by changing education. Where was Hawthorne while all this excitement was going on? In his bedroom in Salem, reading a book. You get the distinct feeling about this man that, so far as the great adventures of his time were concerned, he simply wasn't paying attention. Hawthorne was gazing intelligently off in another direction. Most of his generation looked expectantly toward the future. Hawthorne kept his eyes on the past. He was an introvert, almost a recluse, this native son of

Electromagnetic research Essay

We can relate the density to the scattering of radiation in the X-ray region by using the mass attenuation coefficient,  µ/? , and the mass energy-absorption coefficient,  µen/?. In the X-ray region (10-100 KeV), we will find that as the electron density increases, the x-ray signal also increases1. X-ray scattering is considered to be due to the electron density of the atoms in a sample2. J. J. Thomson derived a formula relating the intensity of coherent scattering from a particle. If the incident radiation is not polarized, then his relation takes the form: I(2? ) = Io [(e4)/(r2 m2 c4)] [(1 + cos2 2? )/2] where e is the charge of the particle, r is the distance from the â€Å"scatterer†, m is the mass of the â€Å"scatterer†, c is the velocity of light, and [(1 + cos22? )/2] represents the partial polarization of the scattered photon. An electron is 2000 times lighter than a proton. Most nuclei are made up of many nucleons that have an even greater mass than the mass of a proton. Because the scattered intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the mass of the particle emitting the X-ray photon, scattering of X rays from the nucleus is considered negligible compared to the scattering from the electrons of an atoms. We can conclude that X-ray scattering is due to the density of the electron. The probability for coherent scattering decreases with increasing photon energy and increases with increasing atomic number (increasing number of interfering electrons). As a fraction of the total mass attenuation coefficient, ? coh/? is maximal at atomic numbers around Z=10 and photon energies in the interval 30-50 keV. At higher atomic numbers, the relative fraction decreases due to the strong increase of photoelectric absorption with increasing atomic number3. In silicon, for example, the relative probability for coherent scattering is 14% at 50 keV. Let us refer to table 1, where the densities of elements could be found, and figures 2. 1, 2. 3 and 2. 4, the Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation by Gold, Silicon, and Iron respectively. The density of silicon is 2. 330, iron is 7. 874 and gold is 19. 32. In the graphs, as the radiation increases we will notice that the absorption decreases. For gold, this will continue until it reaches 200 eV where a discontinuity takes place. In terms of the densities of the elements, as the density of the element decreases, the coherent scattering also decreases. For example, gold, which has an atomic number of 79, contains a higher electron density than an element such as silicon and iron (of lower atomic number 14 and 26 respectively); therefore the photon-absorption processes are stronger (higher  µ) making gold suitable as a radiation-shielding material. However, the decrease in ( µ) with increasing photon energy (below 1 MeV) means that relatively thick sheets are needed to absorb hard (short-wavelength) x-rays or gamma -rays, compared to soft (long-wavelength) x-rays for example. Photon absorption in the visible region of the spectrum depends on the atomic arrangement of the atoms and their bonding. Pure silicon (Si) is strongly absorbing but silicon combined with oxygen is transparent. For the energetic photons in the x-ray regime, photon absorption is much easier to predict and is independent of the details of atomic arrangement. It depends primarily on the electron concentration per unit volume. Since the concentration of atoms per unit volume only differ by factors of 2 or 3 from each other, the electron concentration in two materials can be estimated from the atomic number, Z. Gold (Z=79) absorbs x-rays much more efficiently than silicon (Z=14) or iron (Z=26). X-ray absorption does depend on the energy of the x-rays and decreases with increasing x-ray energy, E. Absorption decreases nearly proportional to the cube of the energy (i. e. absorption proportional to (1/E3). The eventual rise in  µ indicates that a third process occurs at high photon energy; this is pair production, in which a pair of elementary particles (a particle and its antiparticle of the same mass but opposite electrostatic charge) is created from the energy (hf) of the original photon4. In this case, the two particles are an electron and an anti-electron (more commonly known as a positron, whose rest mass m0 is the same as that of an electron but whose charge is +e). Pair production can be represented by an equation, which represents the conservation of total energy (or mass-energy): hf = 2(m0 c2) + K(-e) + K(+e) Here, (m0 c2) = 0. 511 MeV is the rest energy of an electron, which is equal to that of the positron, so the factor of 2 represents the fact that two particles of identical rest mass are created. K(-e) and K(+e) represent the kinetic energy of the electron and positron, immediately after their creation. If the photon energy were exactly 2m0c2 = 1. 02 MeV, the two particles would be created at rest (with zero kinetic energy) and this would be an example of the complete conversion of energy into mass. For photon energies below 2m0c2, the process cannot occur; in other words, 1. 02 MeV is the threshold energy for pair production. For photon energies above the threshold, a photon has more than enough energy to create a particle pair and the surplus energy appears as kinetic energy of the two particles. BIBLIOGRAPHY Giacovazzo, Carmelo. Crystallography. Retrieved 9 June 2008, . McAlister, B. C. and Grady, B. P. The Use of Monte-Carlo Simulations to Calculate Small-Angle Scattering Patterns. Macromolecular Symposia, 2003. The American Physical Society. X-Ray Radiation from Non-linear Thomson Scattering. Vol. 91, No. 19, 13 November 2003. Retrieved 9 June 2008, . Weidner, R. T. and Sells, R. L. Pair Production and Annihilation. Retrieved 9 June 2008, .

John Augustus Roebling, Builder of the Brooklyn Bridge

John Augustus Roebling, Builder of the Brooklyn Bridge John Roebling (born June 12, 1806, Mà ¼hlhausen, Saxony, Germany) didnt invent the suspension bridge, yet he is well-known for building the Brooklyn Bridge. Roebling didnt invent spun wire roping, either, yet he became wealthy by patenting processes and manufacturing cables for bridges and aqueducts. He was called a man of iron, says historian David McCullough. Roebling died July 22, 1869, at age 63, from a tetanus infection after crushing his foot on the construction site of the Brooklyn Bridge. From Germany to Pennsylvania 1824 - 1826, Polytechnic Institute, Berlin, Germany, studying architecture, engineering, bridge construction, hydraulics, and philosopy. After graduating, Roebling built roads for the Prussian government. During this period, he reportedly experienced his first suspension bridge, Die Kettenbrà ¼cke (chain bridge) over the Regnitz in Bamberg, Bavaria.1831, sailed to Philadelphia, PA with his brother Karl. They planned to migrate to western Pennsylvania and develop a farming community, although they knew nothing about farming. The brothers bought land in Butler County and developed a town eventually called Saxonburg.May 1936, married Johanna Herting, the town tailors daughter1837, Roebling became a citizen and a father. After his brother died of heatstroke while farming, Roebling began working for the State of Pennsylvania as a surveyor and engineer, where he built dams, locks, and surveyed railroad routes. Building Projects 1842, Roebling proposed that the Allegheny Portage Railroad replace their continually breaking hemp coil ropes with steel coil ropes, a method he had read about in a German magazine. Wilhelm Albert had been using wire rope for German mining companies since 1834. Roebling modified the process and received a patent.1844, Roebling won a commission to engineer a suspension aqueduct to carry canal water over the Allegheny River near Pittsburgh. The aqueduct bridge was successful from its opening in 1845 until 1861 when replaced by the railroad.1846, Smithfield Street Bridge, Pittsburgh (replaced in 1883)1847 - 1848, the Delaware Aqueduct, the oldest surviving suspension bridge in the U.S. Between 1847 and 1851 Roebling built four DH Canal aqueducts.1855, Bridge at Niagara Falls (removed 1897)1860, Sixth Street Bridge, Pittsburgh (removed 1893)1867, Cincinnati Bridge1867, Plans the Brooklyn Bridge (Roebling died during its construction)1883, Brooklyn Bridge completed under the direction of his oldest son, Washington Roebling, and his sons wife, Emily Elements of a Suspension Bridge (e.g., Delaware Aqueduct) Cables are attached to stone piersCast iron saddles sit on the cablesWrought-iron suspender rods sit on the saddles, with both ends hanging vertically from the saddleSuspenders attach to hanger plates to support part of the aqueduct or bridge deck flooring Cast iron and wrought iron were new, popular materials in the 1800s. Restoration of the Delaware Aqueduct 1980, bought by the National Park Service to be preserved as part of Upper Delaware Scenic Recreational RiverAlmost all of the existing ironwork (cables, saddles, and suspenders) are the same materials installed when the structure was built.The two suspension cables encased in red piping are made of wrought iron strands, spun on site under the direction of John Roebling in 1847.Each 8 1/2-inch diameter suspension cable carries 2,150 wires bunched into seven strands. Laboratory tests in 1983 concluded that the cable was still functional.Wrapping wires holding the cable strands in place were replaced in 1985.In 1986, the white pine wooden superstructure was reconstructed using Roeblings original plans, drawings, notes, and specifications Roeblings Wire Company In 1848, Roebling moved his family to Trenton, New Jersey to start his own business and take advantage of his patents. 1850, established John A. Roeblings Sons Company to manufacture wire rope. Of Roeblings seven adult children, three sons (Washington Augustus, Ferdinand William, and Charles Gustavus) would eventually work for the compnay1935 - 1936, oversaw the cable construction (spinning) for the Golden Gate Bridge1945, provided the flat wire to the inventor of the toy1952, business sold to the Colorado Fuel and Iron (CFI) Company of Pueblo, Colorado1968, the Crane Company purchased the CFI Wire rope cabling has been used in a variety of situations including suspension bridges, elevators, cable cars, ski lifts, pulleys and cranes, and mining and shipping. Roeblings U.S. Patents Patent Number 2,720, dated July 16, 1842, Method of and Machine for Manufacturing Wire RopesWhat I claim as my original invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is: 1. The process of giving to the wires and strands a uniform tension, by attaching them to equal weights which are freely suspended over pulleys during the manufacture, as described above. 2. The attaching of swivels or of pieces of annealed wire to the ends of the single wires or to the several strands, during the manufacture of a rope, for the purpose of preventing the twist of the fibers, as described above. 3. The manner of constructing the wrapping machine....and the respective parts of which are combined and arranged, as above described, and illustrated by the accompanying drawing, so as to adapt it to the particular purpose of winding wire upon wire ropes.Patent Number 4,710, dated August 26, 1846, Anchoring Suspension-Chains for BridgesMy improvement consists in a new mode of anchorage applicable to wire br idges as well as chain bridges...What I claim as my original invention and wish to secure by Letters Patent is The application of a timber foundation, in place of stone, in connection with anchor plates, to support the pressure of the anchor chains or cables against the anchor masonry of a suspension bridge for the purpose of increasing the base of that masonry, to increase the surface exposed to pressure, and to substitute wood as an elastic material in place of stone, for the bedding of the anchor plates, the timber foundation either to occupy an inclined position, where the anchor cables or chains are continued in a straight line below ground, or to be placed horizontally, when the anchor cables are curved, as exhibited in the accompanying drawing, the whole to be in substance and in its main features constructed as fully described above and exhibited in the drawing. Patent Number 4,945, dated January 26, 1847, Apparatus for Passing Suspension-Wires for Bridges Across RiversWhat I claim as my original invention, and wish to secure by Letters Patent, is The application of traveling wheels, suspended and worked, either by a double endless rope, or by a single rope, across a river or valley, for the purpose of traversing the wires for the formation of wire cables, the whole to be in substance and in its main features, constructed and worked, as above described, and illustrated by the drawings. Archives and Collections for Further Research John A. Roebling Collection, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian InstitutionThe Roebling Museum, Roebling, New JerseyThe Delaware and Hudson Canal Slide Show, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Sources The Great Bridge by David McCullough, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972, Chapter 2John Roebling, Upper Delaware, National Park ServiceRoeblings Delaware Aqueduct, National Park ServiceAllegheny Portage Railroad, History and Culture, National Park ServiceRoebling and the Brooklyn Bridge, The Library of CongressModern History of Wire Rope by Donald SayengaUnited States Patent and Trademarks Office, Department of CommerceAdditional inline photo  ©Jackie CravenAll websites accessed June 11, 2012

Privacy Rights of Individuals Essays

Privacy Rights of Individuals Essays Privacy Rights of Individuals Essay Privacy Rights of Individuals Essay Privacy can be defined in many ways, depending on one’s perspective, including the right to be left alone, free from intrusion or disturbance in one’s private life. Although everyone agrees that this is an important right that should be protected by governmental laws, the extent of one’s right to privacy has often been a matter of debate in the court system of the United States. There is vast disagreement concerning how far the government should go to protect an individual’s right to privacy. The United States is a large melting pot of cultures, races and ideas, which often lead to a differing of opinions in term of what should be the norm due to ethical and moral difference between individuals. This paper will present court cases that deal with the privacy rights of individuals as they relate to the areas of homosexuality, drug testing, birth control and the right to die. An individual’s right to sexual privacy, including homosexuality, is an issue that has been brought before the courts repeatedly. Bowers v. Hardwick is a landmark case fought in 1986 that tested the boundaries of sexual rights. Hardwick was charged with committing consensual sodomy in the privacy of his bedroom with another adult male. He had violated the Georgia statute that criminalized sodomy. Hardwick brought a suit in Federal District Court challenging the constitutionality of a law that criminalized a sexual act between consenting adults. The court held that the United States Constitution does not grant the fundamental right to homosexuals to commit sodomy, even in the privacy of their homes. They concluded that the Georgia statute was, in fact, constitutional. This decision was later reversed by the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals stating that Hardwick’s homosexual practices were private and beyond the jurisdiction of the state. The Georgia statute was, therefore, unconstitutional and violated the fundamental rights granted by the Ninth Amendment and the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) is a more recent case concerning homosexual privacy issues. Dale, an assistant scoutmaster in New Jersey, was fired when the Boy Scouts learned that he was a homosexual and gay rights advocate. The Boy Scouts organization asserted that homosexuality was inconsistent with the values that they represent. Dale filed a suit in New Jersey Superior Court, claiming that the state statute that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in places of public accommodation was violated. After much deliberation, the court sided with the Boy Scouts insisting that the First Amendment guaranteed private organizations the right to define their mission and exclude members that significantly affect their ability to carry out their purpose. Although homosexuality is a legitimate lifestyle, it is inconsistent with the values taught by the Boy Scouts of America. Therefore, the intrusion into a private group’s personal affairs by forcing it to accept members was ruled unconstitutional. Drug testing is another issue that has been fiercely debated in the courts. With the increase of illegal drug use across the United States, many institutions have tried to institute a policy of random testing in order to combat the problem. Opponents of this policy claim that these random drug tests are an invasion of privacy rights and violate the Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable searches. A group of parents challenged the Oklahoma school district’s policy of random drug testing in front of the Supreme Court. The school district established a policy of random urine tests for students who want to join the marching band, academic team or any competitive extracurricular activity (Biscupic, 2002). In previous cases, the court had ruled that general urine testing required a warrant or some evidence of drug use. However, in a school setting, there is a lower expectation to privacy and in Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton in 1995, the Supreme Court ruled that drug testing for student athletes did not violate their privacy rights, since these students were the most at risk and could choose whether or not to participate in sporting activities. They also stated that the Fourth Amendment does not protect all expectations of privacy, only those recognized by the society as legitimate. In the Oklahoma case, however, the court distinguished competitive athletics from other extracurricular activities and ruled that schools cannot force students to give urine samples unless there is evidence of drug use. As far as the workplace is concerned, most states sanction but do not regulate drug testing. The ACLU has argued that workplace drug testing violates privacy rights and reveals other conditions such as pregnancy or genetic predispositions to disease, a clear violation of those rights. In cases such as Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives’ Association and Chandler v. Miller, the Supreme Court has upheld the right of employers to conduct routine drug testing of employees in â€Å"safety-sensitive† positions where public safety is an issue, such as transportation employees and candidates for office. The right to privacy in matters of sexuality and contraception was first discussed in the landmark case of Griswold vs. Connecticut in 1965. At this time it was illegal to disseminate material regarding birth control. Griswold, Executive Director of Planned Parenthood in Connecticut, was charged with giving information, instruction and medical advice to married couples regarding pregnancy prevention. The Court decided that Connecticut’s birth-control law infringes upon the right of marital privacy and is unconstitutional. It also violates the First Amendment right that protects the freedom to associate and privacy in one’s associations. In a later case Baird v. Eisenstandt, the Supreme Court overturned the statutes of 26 states that denied unmarried people the right to birth control devices and information (Baird, 1997). They based this decision on the individual’s right to privacy in their private affairs including the decision whether or not to have children. In recent years, the issue of privacy rights has included the right to control one’s body including the right to die. A recent controversy exists over assisted suicide and a person’s decision to terminate his own life. The United States Supreme Court has established that, to some extent, an individual does have a limited right to die. The Court does cite the previously mentioned case of Griswold v. Connecticut, and even Roe v. Wade stating that if the right to privacy is broad enough to include a woman’ decision to terminate her pregnancy, it also provides a basis for the right to die (Powell, J. Cowen, A. , 1994). Of course, cases involving the right to die are usually extremely complicated and the court must consider many issues including the competency of the individual and the steps necessary for the cessation of life. In the case of Washington v. Glucksberg (1997), four physicians who treat terminally ill patients wanted to end the law that banned assisted suicide in the state of Washington. Similarly, in Vacco v. Quills (1997), New York doctors argued for the right to prescribe lethal medication to mentally competent patients who are terminally ill and suffering great pain. In both cases, the Supreme Court denied the constitutionality of the right to die by assisted suicide and, instead, left it to individual state legislatures to examine on a case-by-case basis. In Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, the court denied the right of the parents to withhold nutrition and hydration to their incompetent daughter in a vegetative state. They concluded that such choices couldn’t be made in the absence of a living will or clear evidence of the patient’s wishes. Although the Court recognizes the right to die at a limited level, they are aware of the complexity of the issue and do not wish to make general assertions concerning this matter. They do uphold that although it is a crime to assist suicide, an individual does have the right to refuse medical treatment to prolong his life. This decision, however, should be documented in the form of a living will, or a Do Not Resuscitate Order. References Baird, B. (1997). The people versus Bill Baird: struggling for your rights to privacy. Humanist, 57(2), 39-40. Biscupic, J. (March, 2002). Drug-testing case generates sparks. USA Today, pp. 2a. (EBSCO Document Reproduction Services No. J0E030212649602). Powell, J. , Cohen, A. (1994). The right to die. Issues in Law and Medicine, 10(2), 169-183. Supreme Court Collection. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. [On-line] available at megalaw. com (April 18, 2002). Ibid. Bowers v. Hardwick. Ibid. Chandler v. Miller. Ibid. Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health. Ibid. Griswold v. Connecticut. Ibid. Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Association. Ibid. Veronica School District v. Acton. Ibid. Vacco v. Quills. Ibid. Washington v. Glucksberg. Van Biema, D. , Lafferty, E. (1997, January). Is there a right to die? Time Canada, 149 (2), 42-44.